*Blogging: Enjoy and Had Fun*


Blog is another good way of sharing anything you know. You can write about any topic you like under the sun and let others read it. It could be a story of your own, a fact or opinion and if someone happens to like what you have written, then that person would follow your blog and could comment and share any suggestion on how you could improve your blog. You could say that it is somewhat the same as twitter that you could make friends with but the difference is that you write about a particular topic and when someone else shares the same interest then you two or even as a group can exchange ideas about the topic. Blogging could help boost your writing skills, especially if you really like to write.

Some may be wondering what is a blog? Even I at first don't know what a blog is until we were given the task to make our own blog for our subject Clinical Chemistry. If I were to ask, before even doing my blog, I was nervous on how I could start because doing my own "blogspot" which will eventually be my own website is not really my specialty since I am not too fond of it. In fact, what I only use computer for is for research, watching videos or listening and downloading music and even facebook and that's it. But when I started doing it, I got a little excited especially when I knew that I could change the themes and I could download my own. There were even a lot to choose from and I can't even decide right away.

Like I said before, a blog is actually about anything that you would want to write, you can open up anything you want from the problems of the country, your own love life, on what was the feeling of jumping of from a plane (sky diving, I mean lol) or even your most embarrassing moments if it's okay for others to read it, or any facts that you would want to share like how effective medicinal herbs are and the like or even your religious beliefs. It could be like a documentary or an educational spot where people can learn upon visiting and reading. Take our class' blog for an example, we wrote something about one topic and every person wrote it in his/her own unique way including how they presented the idea. Doing a blog works not only your writing skills but also your creativeness. It could also tempt you to research more about the topic you are interested in so you could gain more knowledge about the topic and so that you could write more, this way there will be additional information that what you've already known. You could even insert pictures or videos as you like so the readers can easily get what you mean or for designs and entertainment.

Making a blog is really easy and fun to do. All you have to do is just look up for a them that you want then think of what topic you want to write then you could add pictures or videos as you want even how much you want. It is actually a site where you could learn, teach or share information. If you are a first timer and don't have any background on how to make your own blog, you can always ask someone or even search for a blog where steps on how you could make a blog is being discussed or if you prefer to see how it is made, you could always search the all famous youtube.


What are you waiting for? If there is a story you would want to share then you could always write it on your blog. A story of your life, a recent poem or novel you have written your self or even a song you have composed, no matter what it is, as long as you let out your idea, is fine. Blog could work on most ways, may be educational and sometimes you could earn just from doing a blog. It is nice to share what you think about a topic and let someone else know about it or an experience that the reader could feel like he/she is part of it. It is like making connection to other people just like what authors do when writing their book, they make the story as if the reader is being part of the world the author wants to portray. You could also be a teacher yourself, giving important facts that could help anyone. As long as it is something you enjoy and remember that there's no one there to stop you. I hope all of you are learned too when you read this . Thank you and God bless..


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Toxicology Introduction: Danger



   

The traditional definition of TOXICOLOGY "is the science of poisons" or study of poisons". As our understanding of how various agents can cause harm to humans and other organisms; a more descriptive of Toxicology is "the study of the adverse effects of chemical or physical agents on living organisms".
Poison refering to any substance that causes a harmful effect. The concept that any substance has the potential to cause harm if given at the correct dosage  is a central theme in toxicology.

There are four major disciplines within Toxicology:

*Mechanistic Toxicology elucidates the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins. These studies provide a basis for rational therapy design and the development of test to asses the degree of exposure of poisonned individuals.

*Descriptive Toxicology uses the results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause ham in humans.

*Forensic Toxicolgy is primarily concerened with the medicolegal consequences of toxin exposure.Evaluation of analytical chemistry techniques and measurement,and testimony of conclusions and opinions in courts of law encompass the activity of this specialized field of toxicology.

*Clinical Toxicology is the study of interrelationship between cause toxin exposure and disease states. Involves the application of toxicological principles within a diagnostic setting, usually to determine whether a presenting adverse effect or disease or injury is due to some type of chemical exposure. This area of toxicology is typically practiced by a physician, nurse or other clinician, often times in consultation with the experimental toxicologist, who is in a position to better explain certain published experimental findings and whether they would be applicable to the case at hand.

Dose is the amount of a substance administered at one time. There are four types of dose it shown in a table form:

The Dose-response relationship is a fundamental and essential concept in toxicology.  It correlates exposures and the spectrum of induced effects.In general, the higher the dose, the more severe the response.  The dose-response relationship is based on observed data from experimental animal, human clinical, or cell studies.

Knowledge of the dose-response relationship:

establishes causality that the chemical has in fact induced the observed effects

establishes the lowest dose where an induced effect occurs - the threshold effect

determines the rate at which injury builds up - the slope for the dose response.

Toxicity is complex with many influencing factors; dosage is the most important.  Xenobiotics cause many types of toxicity by a variety of mechanisms.  Some chemicals are themselves toxic.  Others must be metabolized (chemically changed within the body) before they cause toxicity.

Many xenobiotics distribute in the body and often affect only specific target organs.

Toxicity can be generally broken down into two categories:

acute toxicity is the rapid development of symptoms/effects after the intake of relatively high doses of the toxicant. Acute toxicity refers to immediate harmful effects generated by sufficiently large doses.
chronic toxicity is the harmful effects of long-term exposure to relatively low doses of toxicant. This would include traces of pesticides in foods, air pollution, etc.


Toxicity can result from adverse cellular, biochemical, or macromolecular changes.  Examples are:

cell replacement, such as fibrosis

damage to an enzyme system

disruption of protein synthesis

production of reactive chemicals in cells

DNA damage

Some xenobiotics may also act indirectly by:

  • modification of an essential biochemical functions
  • interference with nutrition
  • alteration of physiological mechanism




Factors Influencing Toxicity

The toxicity of a substance depends on the following:





It is short introduction about Toxicology, hope you enjoy.









Reference:

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Endo+crinology ^_^



         When I was in high school it started to teach endocrine system during biology subject so now,It is the time for me to know more about Endocrinology..
For you what is ENDOCRINOLOGY all about?
      As we all know Endocrinology is study of medical aspects of hormones.It provides numerous examination in children with state-of-the-art diagnosis,treatment and clinical management.


 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is a group of hormone that are typically produced and secreted by one cell type into the circulation, where their effect is exerted in other target cells.
      
Hormone -> are the chemical messenger of the body that travel down to the body parts concerened transferring information.There many hormones secreted by the endocrine organs,and each individual affect only those the body cells that have a genetic program that allows them to react only of those hormones that are related to them. The hormones influence the body to react according to the changes in the balance of fluids and minerals  in blood, stress, infection and etc. Hormone give the body energy, nutrition and control the response to stimuli. They regulate the appetite,alertness,bone growth, and overall human development.




An example of the work of our endocrine system is when our body senses that our blood glucose levels is becoming too high, the pancreas will then start acting, releasing more insulin to the blood helping to normalize blood glucose level, the excess blood glucose is then absorbed by the cells.


The endocrine glands and hormone they produce are:


Pineal gland-> is attached to the midbrain. Melatonin is secreted by this gland that helps regulate the sleeping cycel of a person.
Pituitary gland-> is known as the "Master Gland". It is the most important part in the endocrine system. The pituitary gland secretes hormones on the basis of the emotional and seasonal changes.
Thyroid gland-> it is also called butterfly-shaped gland, consist of two lobes located in the lower part of the neck, just below the voice box. The production and secretion of the hormones of the thyroid glands are controlled by thyrotropin secreted by the pituitary gland.
Parathyroid gland-> smallest endocrine gland of the body. Seen near the thyroid capsule.
Adrenal Gland-> it has pyramid-like shape seen above the kidneys and it has prime effects on blood pressure. It composed of two parts, the Adrenal cortex and Adrenal Medulla.
Pancreas-> this glands are associated with the digestive system of the body.They secrete digestive enzyme and two important hormones the insulin and glucagon. 
Hypothalamus-> seen above the pituitary gland, and is connected to the posterior pituitary by the infundibulum.

          

http://www.mixxpdf.com/pdf/endocrine-system-diagram-labeled.html 
Every glands is connected, sending messages or signals to the other gland to secrete the corresponding hormone which is needed by the body just like the brain connected throughout our body with nerves, sending electrical signals to make us feel a particular sensation like pain when we are pinched by our classmate or happiness when we are told jokes.



As you can see it is a short introduction and details, as we move on to the next portion of this topic we appreciate more a lot about Endocrinology especially their functions and glands.

Reference:
1. http://www.hendricksdiabetes.com/endocrinology
2. Henry's, Clinical Diagnosis and Managementof Laboratory Methods, 22th Edition.
page 326.
3.Clinical Chemistry, By Calbreath page 260
4.http://www.buzzle.com/articles/endocrine-system-function.html

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